Continuity and discontinuity of the riparian vegetation along a fluvial corridor

The concept of continuity/discontinuity is applied to the riparian vegetation of the corridor of the River Adour (S.W. France), in order to precisely define longitudinal structure, and to test the degree of floristic continuity of the fluvial axis. The measure of floristic connectance along the river course is based on presence/absence data, and is applied to successive stretches of the river, at various resolution levels. This analysis shows that the River Adour corridor cannot be assumed to be floristically continuous. The observed discontinuities may correspond to two types of change in the riparian vegetation: zones of slow change (high level of floristic connectance) or zones of sharp change (low level of floristic connectance).     

“利他行为”新解

把利他行为和利己行为放在相对立的位置上，这是绝大多数人所持的观点，也是一些学者所推崇的观点。本文另辟蹊径，在分析把两者放在相对立的位置上理解利他行为所遇到困境的基础上，从利己行为和利他行为是一个由低层次到高层次不断深化和发展或者说是一个行为意义上的‘连续统”的角度，对利他行为作新的诊释。     

Organic Carbon and Total Iron Effect on Soil Vis-SWNIR Spectraand Quantification of Their Contents Using PLS R Models

ABSTRACT

Many factors could influence simultaneously soil spectra. We aimed to study the single effect of organic carbon and total iron in soil visible and short-wave near-infrared spectra and to quantify their contents. Two datasets of soil mixture samples were prepared by mixing, in various fractions, an organic carbon-rich material with a total iron-rich material and then with a total iron-poor material. For these two datasets, contents in organic carbon are quite similar but contents in total iron are significantly different. Results show that samples of the same dataset have the same overall spectral shape. Organic carbon has a decreasing effect that affects the whole spectral range without showing any specific absorption peaks. By contrast, total iron has specific absorption peaks. Spectra of the second dataset characterized by soil mixtures with higher total iron contents were more compact within the spectral bands 400–440 and 920–950 nm. Besides, continuum removal enables to exaggerate absorption peaks of wavelengths linked to total iron content. Partial Least Squares Regression (PLS R) models of both total organic carbon and total iron assign high coefficients to the wavelengths that are considered relevant and conversely low coefficients to those that are considered irrelevant. Both organic carbon content and total iron content were well predicted. For these models, coefficients of determination were superior to 0.9 and RMSE was closed to zero. The global models calibrated on all the samples demonstrated that PLS R was able to integrate sample heterogeneity.     

基于连续统去除和偏最小二乘回归的油菜SPAD高光谱估算

【目的】探讨油菜叶绿素含量的高光谱估算方法,为实现油菜叶片叶绿素含量的高效、无损、大面积监测提供理论依据。【方法】以陕西省关中地区油菜叶片为研究对象,分别测定苗期、蕾薹期、开花期及角果期的叶片高光谱数据和SPAD值,提取各生育期连续统去除光谱和7类光谱吸收特征参数,分析原始光谱、连续统去除光谱、光谱吸收特征参数与SPAD值之间的相关关系,构建基于原始光谱特征波段、连续统去除光谱特征波段、光谱吸收特征参数的SPAD估算模型,并对模型精度进行验证。【结果】在可见光范围,光谱反射率由蕾薹期、开花期、苗期到角果期依次递增,最大吸收深度和吸收谷面积逐渐增大。利用连续统去除光谱特征波段与吸收特征参数,分别建立的油菜各生育期叶片SPAD估算模型均优于原始光谱。运用连续统去除光谱特征波段结合最优吸收特征参数构建的偏最小二乘回归估算模型,是进行油菜叶片SPAD估算的最优模型。【结论】连续统去除法对不同生育期油菜叶片叶绿素相对含量具有较好的预测能力,是估算油菜叶片SPAD值的一种实时高效方法。     

农村与城市的连续——打破“城中村”的禁锢

通过探究城市背景下的＂城中村＂现状及与国外城市村庄进行对比,寻找到打破＂城中村＂禁锢的设计方法,重拾霍华德的＂田园城市＂理论,最终实现农村与城市的可持续发展。     

土壤-植被-大气连续体中的尺度转换问题

土壤-植被-大气间的相互作用强度高度地依赖于时空尺度。其中,反馈机制贯穿于土壤-植被-大气相互作用的始终。在各个时空尺度中,多因子交互作用,尺度不同起主导作用的过程和控制因子可能有所不同,从而增加了土壤-植被-大气连续体尺度转换研究的难度。从空间和时间尺度上总结了近年来有关学者对尺度转换及反馈机制在模拟中如何应用的研究结果,并在该基础上指出了当前合理描述土壤-植被-大气连续体区域尺度系统行为需要关注的问题和挑战。     

氮在凋落物-土壤界面连续体转移研究进展

凋落物-土壤界面连续体是森林生态系统的最重要部分,也是氮素生物地球化学循环最活跃的场所。土壤氮元素的生物地球化学循环广义上可分为转运和转化2个环节,真菌和细菌分别在这2个环节上扮演重要角色。降雨、氮沉降和温度等变化能够改变森林生态系统的氮生物地球化学循环过程,在全球变化加剧背景下,深入了解凋落物-土壤界面连续体内氮的转运和转化过程和机制尤为重要。本文综述了凋落物-土壤界面连续体的研究现状,通过应用N示踪、分子生物学测序和N-DNA-SIP分子探针技术,研究氮转运和转化的微生物群落及其过程的可行性,并提出今后森林生态系统凋落物-土壤界面连续体的氮循环模式,强调了真菌的转运和细菌的转化过程在氮固持中的贡献,有助于森林生态系统氮固持力和机制系统认知,为开展温带森林生态系统管理和氮排放控制提供了思路。      

基于高光谱影像分解的土壤含水量反演技术

植被和土壤常同时存在于影像像元中,土壤含水量监测不可避免地会受植被光谱影响。因此,剔除植被光谱干扰显得尤为重要。采用基于光谱匹配的分解算法对Hyperion高光谱数据进行分解,剔除植被光谱的干扰,同时对土壤贡献的光谱信息进行一阶微分和包络线去除变换,选取敏感波段,建立土壤含水量反演模型。结果表明：以波段X661,× 1019和X2067的土壤包络线去除光谱为自变量建立的模型最佳,预测R2值为0.85;未剔除植被光谱时,以波段X541,X979和X1632的一阶微分光谱为自变量建立的模型最佳,预测R2值仅为0.36。通过高光谱影像分解剔除植被光谱干扰估测土壤含水量的方法是可行的,可为今后遥感估测土壤含水量的研究提供参考。     

基于支持向量机（SVM）的稻纵卷叶螟危害水稻高光谱遥感识别

 对健康水稻叶片以及受稻纵卷叶螟危害后的水稻叶片进行了室内光谱的测定及分析。对430~530 nm和560~730 nm波段采用连续统去除的方法,分别提取了波深、斜率参量作为径向基核函数支持向量机的输入变量,利用LIBSVM软件包构建叶片高光谱识别模型。当参数γ和惩罚系数C分别取0.25和1时构建的径向基支持向量机模型的分类性能最佳,识别精度达100%。研究结果为实时水稻病虫害的早期监测以及田间管理提供了一定的理论基础。